Perhatikan gambar di samping. Gambar sebelah kiri adalah rangkaian LED Aktif-Low, dan gambar sebelah kanan adalah rangkaian LED Aktif-High. Rangkaian terdiri dari sebuah resistor yang diseri dengan sebuah LED.

Pada rangkaian LED Aktif-Low, LED akan menyala jika diberi logika 0 (LOW) dan akan mati jika diberi logika 1 (HIGH).

Ketika diberi logika 0, maka tegangan pada kaki anoda LED lebih positif dibandingkan dengan kaki katoda. Selisih tegangan pada kaki anoda dan katoda LED ini melebihi tegangan jatuh LED, sehingga LED pun menghantar (dialiri arus listrik) dan menyala. Sebaliknya, ketika diberi logika 1, maka kaki anoda LED tidak lebih positif daripada kaki katoda, oleh karenanya LED tidak menghantar (tidak dialiri arus listrik) sehingga LED pun tidak menyala.

Pada rangkaian LED Aktif-High, LED akan menyala jika diberi logika 1 (HIGH) dan akan mati jika diberi logika 0 (LOW).

Ketika diberi logika 1, maka tegangan pada kaki anoda LED lebih positif dibandingkan dengan kaki katoda LED. Selisih tegangan pada kaki anoda dan katoda LED ini melebihi tegangan jatuh LED, sehingga LED pun menghantar (dialiri arus listrik) dan menyala. Sebaliknya, ketika diberi logika 0, maka tegangan pada kaki anoda LED tidak lebih positif daripada kaki katoda LED, oleh karenanya LED tidak menghantar (tidak dialiri arus listrik) sehingga LED pun tidak menyala.

Fungsi resistor seri pada rangkaian diatas adalah sebagai pembatas arus. Anda bisa menggunakan resistor dengan nilai yang aman mulai 150 ohm, 180 ohm, 220 ohm, hingga 2K2 ohm tergantung dari tipe LED yang Anda gunakan dan seberapa tingkat kecerahan yang Anda inginkan.

Dengan asumsi bahwa rangkaian LED Aktif-Low terhubung ke PORTB.0 dan rangkaian LED Aktif-High terhubung ke PORTB.1, berikut adalah contoh program kontrol LED untuk AVR-GCC.

Contoh Program Kontrol LED (AVR-GCC)

#define F_CPU 1000000L

#include <avr/io.h>
#include <util/delay.h>

#define ON 1
#define OFF 0

//macro LED ON/OFF untuk LED Aktif-Low
#define LED_AL(x)((x)==(ON)?(PORTB&=~_BV(PB0)):(PORTB|=_BV(PB0)))

//macro LED ON/OFF untuk LED Aktif-High
#define LED_AH(x)((x)==(ON)?(PORTB|=_BV(PB1)):(PORTB&=~_BV(PB1)))

int main(void)
{
  PORTB = 0b00000001; //PB1=0, PB0=1 --> kedua LED OFF
  DDRB = 0b00000011;  //PB0 dan PB1 sebagai output

  while(1)
  {
    LED_AL(ON); LED_AH(ON);   //kedua LED ON
    _delay_ms(500);           //delay 1/2 detik
    LED_AL(OFF); LED_AH(OFF); //kedua LED OFF
    _delay_ms(500);           //delay 1/2 detik
  }
}

Contoh Program Kontrol LED (Arduino)

Dengan asumsi bahwa rangkaian LED Aktif-Low terhubung ke pin-11 dan rangkaian LED Aktif-High terhubung ke pin-12, berikut adalah contoh program pengendalian LED untuk Arduino.

void setup()
{
  pinMode(11, OUTPUT); //pin-11 sebagai output
  pinMode(12, OUTPUT); //pin-12 sebagai output
}

void loop()
{
  digitalWrite(11, LOW);  //LED Aktif-Low ON
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH); //LED Aktif-High ON
  delay(500);             //delay 1/2 detik
  digitalWrite(11, HIGH); //LED Aktif-Low OFF
  digitalWrite(12, LOW);  //LED Aktif-High OFF
  delay(500);             //delay 1/2 detik
}

Rangkaian LED Aktif-Low dan Aktif-High merupakan rangkaian yang sangat penting dalam bereksperimen mikrokontroler. Tak hanya karena murah dan mudah dirangkai, tapi kedua rangkaian tersebut dapat mewakili berbagai macam rangkaian output, baik yang aktif-low maupun yang aktif-high seperti relay, buzzer, motor, dan solenoid. Selanjutnya tinggal mempelajari dan memahami berbagai macam rangkaian driver output.

Selamat belajar!

XSweeper adalah Minesweeper’s Clone yang dibuat menggunakan kompiler open-source XBLite. Program ini sangat cocok untuk melatih keterampilan pemrograman. Meskipun aturan mainnya tidak persis seperti Minesweeper, namun algoritmanya tak jauh beda dengan Minesweeper.

Listing Program

' XSWEEPER.X
' Minesweeper's Clone
' Dibuat menggunakan kompiler open-source XBLite
' Chandra MDE
' Teknik Elektro Links - Link Tepat Untuk Teknik Elektro
' http://telinks.ds4a.com
' http://telinks.wordpress.com
' http://starduino.wordpress.com
' http://code4shared.wordpress.com

PROGRAM "xsweeper"
CONSOLE

IMPORT "xio"
IMPORT "xsx"
IMPORT "xst"
IMPORT "kernel32"

$$BOMB = -1
$$EMPTY = 0

DECLARE FUNCTION MainProgram()
DECLARE FUNCTION PutTextAttributes (hStdOut, attribute, length, x, y)

FUNCTION MainProgram()

  SBYTE Cell[16, 12]
  UBYTE CellStatus[16, 12]

  COORD coord

  Title$ = "X-SWEEPER - By Chandra MDE"

  DIM B$[25]

  B$[0] = "ÚÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿"
  B$[1] = "³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³ÕÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ͸³"
  B$[2] = "ÃÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅ´  XSWEEPER  ô"
  B$[3] = "³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³ÔÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ;³"
  B$[4] = "ÃÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄ´              ³"
  B$[5] = "³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³ÕÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ͸³"
  B$[6] = "ÃÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅ´     By     ô"
  B$[7] = "³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³³ ChandraMDE ³³"
  B$[8] = "ÃÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅ´ XBLite-Pro ô"
  B$[9] = "³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³ÔÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ;³"
  B$[10]= "ÃÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄ´              ³"
  B$[11]= "³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³ÕÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ͸³"
  B$[12]= "ÃÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅ´   STATUS   ô"
  B$[13]= "³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³ÆÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ͵³"
  B$[14]= "ÃÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄ´³ XMine [  ] ³³"
  B$[15]= "³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³³ Found [  ] ³³"
  B$[16]= "ÃÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄ´³ Left  [  ] ³³"
  B$[17]= "³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³³ Skor[    ] ³³"
  B$[18]= "ÃÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅ´"
  B$[19]= "³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³³ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ³³"
  B$[20]= "ÃÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄ´ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ³"
  B$[21]= "³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³ VISIT MYBLOG ³"
  B$[22]= "ÃÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄ´   /telinks   ³"
  B$[23]= "³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³   ³  @WordPress  ³"
  B$[24]= "ÀÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ"

  '*****************************
  'Subrutin Inisialisasi Program
  '*****************************
  SUB InitProgram
    DIM args[3]

    hSO = XioGetStdOut()
    XioSetCursorType(hSO, $$NOCURSOR)
    SetConsoleTitleA(&Title$)
    XioClearConsole(hSO)
    XioSetConsoleBufferSize(hSO, 80, 25)

    args[0] = hSO
    args[1] = 1
    args[2] = &coord

    XstCall("SetConsoleDisplayMode", "kernel32.dll", @args[])

    FOR i = 0 TO 24
      XioPutConsoleText(hSO, B$[i], 0, i)
    NEXT

    FillConsoleOutputAttribute (hSO, 0x0F, 0xFFFFFF, 0, &written)

    FOR x = 66 TO 77
      PutTextAttributes(hSO, 14, 1, x, 2)
      PutTextAttributes(hSO, 14, 1, x, 6)
      PutTextAttributes(hSO, 10, 1, x, 7)
      PutTextAttributes(hSO, 12, 1, x, 8)
      PutTextAttributes(hSO, 14, 1, x, 12)
      PutTextAttributes(hSO, 13, 1, x, 14)
      PutTextAttributes(hSO, 9, 1, x, 15)
      PutTextAttributes(hSO, 12, 1, x, 16)
      PutTextAttributes(hSO, 11, 1, x, 17)
      PutTextAttributes(hSO, 13, 1, x, 21)
      PutTextAttributes(hSO, 14, 1, x, 22)
      PutTextAttributes(hSO, 10, 1, x, 23)
    NEXT
  END SUB

  SUB ExitProgram
    'DO : LOOP UNTIL XioInkey() = 27
    XioCloseStdHandle(hSO)
  END SUB

  'Subrutin Inisialisasi Cell
  SUB InitCell
    FOR x = 0 TO 15
      FOR y = 0 TO 11
        Cell[x, y] = 0
        CellStatus[x, y] = 0
      NEXT
    NEXT

    JumlahRanjau = XstRandomRange(5, 45)

    FOR i = 1 TO JumlahRanjau
      x = XstRandomRange(0, 15)
      y = XstRandomRange(0, 11)
      Cell[x, y] = -1
    NEXT

    Skor = 0
    Ketemu = 0
    Sisa = JumlahRanjau

    FOR x = 0 TO 15
      FOR y = 0 TO 11
        IF Cell[x, y] = -1 THEN DO NEXT

        nb = 0
        xp = x + 1
        xm = x - 1
        yp = y + 1
        ym = y - 1

        IF xp=0 THEN
          IF Cell[xm, y] = -1 THEN INC nb
        END IF

        IF yp=0 THEN
          IF Cell[x, ym] = -1 THEN INC nb
        END IF

        IF (xp=0) THEN
          IF Cell[xp, ym] = -1 THEN INC nb
        END IF

        IF (xm>=0) AND (yp=0) AND (ym>=0) THEN
          IF Cell[xm, ym] = -1 THEN INC nb
        END IF

        Cell[x, y] = nb
      NEXT
    NEXT
  END SUB

  '*******************************
  'Subrutin Print Status Permainan
  '*******************************
  SUB PrintStatus
    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 14)
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 74, 14)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, FORMAT$ ("##", JumlahRanjau))
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 74, 15)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, FORMAT$ ("##", Ketemu))
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 74, 16)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, FORMAT$ ("##", Sisa))
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 72, 17)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, FORMAT$ ("####", Skor))
  END SUB

  '*********************************
  'Subrutin tampilkan isi semua Cell
  '*********************************
  SUB PrintCell
    FOR x = 0 TO 15
      FOR y = 0 TO 11
        XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 2+x*4, 1+2*y)
        SELECT CASE Cell[x, y]
          CASE -1
            XioSetTextColor(hSO, 12)
            XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (1))
          CASE 0
            XioSetTextColor(hSO, 7)
            XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (249))
          CASE ELSE
            XioSetTextColor(hSO, 8+Cell[x, y])
            XioWriteConsole(hSO, FORMAT$ ("#", Cell[x, y]))
        END SELECT
      NEXT
    NEXT
  END SUB

  '**********************************
  'Subrutin tampilkan board permainan
  '**********************************
  SUB PrintClosedCell
    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 4)
    XioSetTextBackColor(hSO, 0)
    FOR x = 0 TO 15
      FOR y = 0 TO 11
        XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 4*x+2, 2*y+1)
        XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (254))
      NEXT
    NEXT
  END SUB

  '****************************
  'Subrutin Playing the game...
  '****************************
  SUB Playing
    px = 7
    py = 5

    DO
      GOSUB PrintStatus

      '*****************************************************************
      'Pointer Cell yang berkedip-kedip sambil menunggu penekanan tombol
      '*****************************************************************
      DO
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 0x4, 1, 4*px+1, 2*py)
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 0x4, 1, 4*px+2, 2*py)
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 0x4, 1, 4*px+3, 2*py)
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 0x4, 1, 4*px+1, 2*py+2)
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 0x4, 1, 4*px+2, 2*py+2)
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 0x4, 1, 4*px+3, 2*py+2)
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 0x4, 1, 4*px, 2*py+1)
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 0x4, 1, 4*px+4, 2*py+1)

        IF CellStatus[px, py] = 0 THEN
          XioSetTextColor(hSO, 14)
          XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 4*px+2, 2*py+1)
          XioWriteConsole(hSO, "\\")
          Sleep(5)

          XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 4*px+2, 2*py+1)
          XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (196))
          Sleep(5)

          XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 4*px+2, 2*py+1)
          XioWriteConsole(hSO, "/")
        ELSE
          Sleep(5)
        END IF

        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, 4*px+1, 2*py)
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, 4*px+2, 2*py)
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, 4*px+3, 2*py)
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, 4*px+1, 2*py+2)
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, 4*px+2, 2*py+2)
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, 4*px+3, 2*py+2)
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, 4*px, 2*py+1)
        PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, 4*px+4, 2*py+1)
        Sleep(5)

        KEY = XioInkey()
      LOOP UNTIL KEY <> 0

      IF CellStatus[px, py] = 0 THEN
        XioSetTextColor(hSO, 4)
        XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 4*px+2, 2*py+1)
        XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (254))
      END IF

      'Seleksi tombol yang ditekan
      SELECT CASE KEY
        CASE -72  'atas
          Beep(400, 5)
          DEC py
          IF py = -1 THEN py = 11

        CASE -80 'bawah
          Beep(200, 5)
          INC py
          IF py = 12 THEN py = 0

        CASE -77 'kanan
          Beep(300, 5)
          INC px
          IF px = 16 THEN px = 0

        CASE -75 'kiri
          Beep(300, 5)
          DEC px
          IF px = -1 THEN px = 15

        CASE 32

          XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 4*px+2, 1+2*py)
          SELECT CASE Cell[px, py]
            CASE -1    'bomb
              FOR x = 66 TO 77
                PutTextAttributes(hSO, 10, 1, x, 19)
              NEXT

              GOSUB PrintCell
              DO
                'Beep(300, 100)
                'Beep(1000, 100)
              LOOP WHILE XioInkey() = 0
              GOSUB InitCell
              GOSUB PrintClosedCell
              FOR x = 66 TO 77
                PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, x, 19)
              NEXT

            CASE 0    'empty cell
              FOR x = 66 TO 77
                PutTextAttributes(hSO, 10, 1, x, 19)
              NEXT

              XioSetTextColor(hSO, 14)
              XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (249))
              CellStatus[px, py] = 1

              'FOR i = 1000 TO 1500 STEP 50
              '  Beep(i, 1)
              'NEXT
              'FOR i = 1000 TO 1500 STEP 30
              '  Beep(i, 1)
              'NEXT
              'FOR i = 1500 TO 1250 STEP -50
              '  Beep(i, 1)
              'NEXT

              FOR x = 66 TO 77
                PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, x, 19)
              NEXT

              pxe = px : pye = py
              DO
                INC pxe
                IF pxe 15

              pxe = px
              DO
                INC pye
                IF pye 11

              pye = py
              DO
                DEC pxe
                IF pxe>=0 THEN
                  IF Cell[pxe, pye] = 0 THEN
                    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 14)
                    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 4*pxe+2, 1+2*pye)
                    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (249))
                    CellStatus[pxe, pye] = 1
                    Beep(400, 5)
                    Sleep(100)
                  ELSE
                    EXIT DO
                  END IF
                END IF
              LOOP UNTIL pxe < 0               pxe = px               DO                 DEC pye                 IF pye>=0 THEN
                  IF Cell[pxe, pye] = 0 THEN
                    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 14)
                    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 4*pxe+2, 1+2*pye)
                    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (249))
                    CellStatus[pxe, pye] = 1
                    Beep(400, 5)
                    Sleep(100)
                  ELSE
                    EXIT DO
                  END IF
                END IF
              LOOP UNTIL pye < 0

            CASE ELSE   'number
              FOR x = 66 TO 77
                PutTextAttributes(hSO, 10, 1, x, 19)
              NEXT

              XioSetTextColor(hSO, 8+Cell[px, py])
              XioWriteConsole(hSO, FORMAT$ ("#", Cell[px, py]))
              CellStatus[px, py] = 1
              Skor = Skor + 10*Cell[px, py]

              'FOR i = 1000 TO 1500 STEP 50
              '  Beep(i, 1)
              'NEXT
              'FOR i = 1000 TO 1500 STEP 30
              '  Beep(i, 1)
              'NEXT
              'FOR i = 1500 TO 1250 STEP -50
              '  Beep(i, 1)
              'NEXT

              FOR x = 66 TO 77
                PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, x, 19)
              NEXT

          END SELECT

        CASE 13
          IF Cell[px, py] = -1 THEN
            FOR x = 66 TO 77
                PutTextAttributes(hSO, 10, 1, x, 19)
            NEXT

            XioSetTextColor(hSO, 12)
            XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 4*px+2, 1+2*py)
            XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (1))
            CellStatus[px, py] = 1
            Skor = Skor + 25

            'FOR i = 1000 TO 1500 STEP 50
            '  Beep(i, 1)
            'NEXT
            'FOR i = 1000 TO 1500 STEP 30
            '  Beep(i, 1)
            'NEXT
            'FOR i = 1500 TO 1250 STEP -50
            '  Beep(i, 1)
            'NEXT

            FOR x = 66 TO 77
              PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, x, 19)
            NEXT
          ELSE
            FOR x = 66 TO 77
                PutTextAttributes(hSO, 10, 1, x, 19)
            NEXT

            GOSUB PrintCell
            DO
              'Beep(300, 100)
              'Beep(1000, 100)
            LOOP WHILE XioInkey() = 0
            GOSUB InitCell
            GOSUB PrintClosedCell
            FOR x = 66 TO 77
                PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, x, 19)
            NEXT
          END IF
      END SELECT
    LOOP UNTIL KEY = 27
  END SUB

  'Program mulai dari sini...
  '**************************
  GOSUB InitProgram
  GOSUB InitCell
  GOSUB PrintClosedCell
  GOSUB Playing
  GOSUB ExitProgram

END FUNCTION

'**********************************************************************
'Fungsi PutTextAttributes sebagai pengganti XioPutConsoleTextAttributes
'**********************************************************************
FUNCTION PutTextAttributes (hStdOut, attribute, length, x, y)
  writeCoord = MAKELONG (x, y)
  IFZ WriteConsoleOutputAttribute (hStdOut, &attribute, length, writeCoord, &attrsWritten) THEN GOSUB Error

  ' ***** Error *****
  SUB Error
    errno = GetLastError ()
    XstSystemErrorToError (errno, @error)
    lastErr = ERROR (error)
    RETURN ($$TRUE)
  END SUB

END FUNCTION
END PROGRAM

Enjoy!

Listing Program

' ADD4KIDS
' Program permainan latihan penjumlahan untuk balita
' Dibuat menggunakan kompiler open-source XBLite
' Chandra MDE
' Teknik Elektro Links - Link Tepat Untuk Teknik Elektro
' http://telinks.ds4a.com
' http://telinks.wordpress.com
' http://starduino.wordpress.com
' http://code4shared.wordpress.com

PROGRAM "add4kids"
CONSOLE

IMPORT "xio"
IMPORT "xsx"
IMPORT "xst"
IMPORT "kernel32"

DECLARE FUNCTION MainProgram()
DECLARE FUNCTION PutTextAttributes (hStdOut, attribute, length, x, y)

FUNCTION MainProgram()

  Title$ = "ADDITION FOR KIDS - By Chandra MDE"
  DIM A$[5], F$[5], K$[5], V$[11], BENAR$[3], SALAH$[3]
  DIM ANGKA$[9,5], ADD$[5], EQU$[5]

A$[0] ="  ±±±   ±±±±±±  ±±±±±±  ±±±± ±±±±±±±± ±±±±  ±±±±±  ±±   ±±"
A$[1] =" ±± ±±   ±±  ±±  ±±  ±±  ±±  ±  ±±  ±  ±±  ±±   ±± ±±±± ±±"
A$[2] =" ±± ±±   ±±  ±±  ±±  ±±  ±±     ±±     ±±  ±±   ±± ±± ±±±±"
A$[3] ="±±±±±±±  ±±  ±±  ±±  ±±  ±±     ±±     ±±  ±±   ±± ±±  ±±±"
A$[4] ="±±   ±± ±±±±±±  ±±±±±±  ±±±±   ±±±±   ±±±±  ±±±±±  ±±   ±±"

F$[0] ="±±±±±±±  ±±±±±  ±±±±±±±"
F$[1] =" ±±   ± ±±   ±±  ±±   ±±"
F$[2] =" ±±±±   ±±   ±±  ±±±±±±"
F$[3] =" ±±     ±±   ±±  ±±   ±±"
F$[4] ="±±±±     ±±±±±  ±±±±   ±±"

K$[0] ="±±±± ±± ±±±± ±±±±±±   ±±±±±"
K$[1] =" ±± ±±   ±±   ±±  ±± ±±"
K$[2] =" ±±±±    ±±   ±±  ±± ±±±±±±"
K$[3] =" ±± ±±   ±±   ±±  ±±     ±±"
K$[4] ="±±±± ±± ±±±± ±±±±±±  ±±±±±"

V$[0] = "  ±±±          ±±±±±±"
V$[1] = " ±±±±         ±±    ±±"
V$[2] = "±± ±±         ±±    ±±"
V$[3] = "   ±±         ±±    ±±"
V$[4] = "   ±±         ±±    ±±"
V$[5] = "   ±±         ±±    ±±"
V$[6] = "   ±±         ±±    ±±"
V$[7] = "   ±±         ±±    ±±"
V$[8] = "   ±±         ±±    ±±"
V$[9] = "   ±±     ±±  ±±    ±±"
V$[10]= "±±±±±±±±  ±±   ±±±±±±"

ANGKA$[0,0] = " ²²²² "
ANGKA$[0,1] = "²²  ²²"
ANGKA$[0,2] = "²²  ²²"
ANGKA$[0,3] = "²²  ²²"
ANGKA$[0,4] = " ²²²² "

ANGKA$[1,0] = "  ²²  "
ANGKA$[1,1] = " ²²²  "
ANGKA$[1,2] = "  ²²  "
ANGKA$[1,3] = "  ²²  "
ANGKA$[1,4] = " ²²²² "

ANGKA$[2,0] = " ²²²² "
ANGKA$[2,1] = "²²  ²²"
ANGKA$[2,2] = "   ²² "
ANGKA$[2,3] = " ²²   "
ANGKA$[2,4] = "²²²²²²"

ANGKA$[3,0] = " ²²²² "
ANGKA$[3,1] = "²²  ²²"
ANGKA$[3,2] = "   ²² "
ANGKA$[3,3] = "²²  ²²"
ANGKA$[3,4] = " ²²²² "

ANGKA$[4,0] = "   ²²²"
ANGKA$[4,1] = "  ²²²²"
ANGKA$[4,2] = " ²² ²²"
ANGKA$[4,3] = "²²²²²²"
ANGKA$[4,4] = "    ²²"

ANGKA$[5,0] = "²²²²² "
ANGKA$[5,1] = "²²    "
ANGKA$[5,2] = "²²²²² "
ANGKA$[5,3] = "    ²²"
ANGKA$[5,4] = "²²²²² "

ANGKA$[6,0] = " ²²²² "
ANGKA$[6,1] = "²²    "
ANGKA$[6,2] = "²²²²² "
ANGKA$[6,3] = "²²  ²²"
ANGKA$[6,4] = " ²²²² "

ANGKA$[7,0] = "²²²²²²"
ANGKA$[7,1] = "    ²²"
ANGKA$[7,2] = "   ²² "
ANGKA$[7,3] = "  ²²  "
ANGKA$[7,4] = " ²²   "

ANGKA$[8,0] = " ²²²² "
ANGKA$[8,1] = "²²  ²²"
ANGKA$[8,2] = " ²²²² "
ANGKA$[8,3] = "²²  ²²"
ANGKA$[8,4] = " ²²²² "

ANGKA$[9,0] = " ²²²² "
ANGKA$[9,1] = "²²  ²²"
ANGKA$[9,2] = " ²²²²²"
ANGKA$[9,3] = "    ²²"
ANGKA$[9,4] = " ²²²² "

ADD$[0] = "      "
ADD$[1] = "  ²²  "
ADD$[2] = "²²²²²²"
ADD$[3] = "  ²²  "
ADD$[4] = "      "

EQU$[0] = "      "
EQU$[1] = "²²²²²²"
EQU$[2] = "      "
EQU$[3] = "²²²²²²"
EQU$[4] = "      "

  SUB InitProgram
    DIM args[3]

    hSO = XioGetStdOut()
    SetConsoleTitleA(&Title$)
    XioSetCursorType(hSO, $$NOCURSOR)

    args[0] = hSO
    args[1] = 1
    args[2] = &coord

    XstCall("SetConsoleDisplayMode", "kernel32.dll", @args[])
  END SUB

  SUB Opening
    XioClearConsole(hSO)
    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 15)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (218))
    FOR i = 1 TO 78
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (196))
    NEXT
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (191))
    FOR i = 1 TO 23
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 79, i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (179))
    NEXT
    PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, 79, 24)
    XioPutConsoleText(hSO, CHR$ (217), 79, 24)
    FOR i = 78 TO 1 STEP -1
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, i, 24)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (196))
    NEXT
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 0, 24)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (192))
    FOR i = 23 TO 1 STEP -1
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 0, i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (179))
    NEXT

    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 1, 1)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (218))
    FOR i = 2 TO 77
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (196))
    NEXT
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (191))
    FOR i = 2 TO 22
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 78, i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (179))
    NEXT
    PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, 78, 23)
    XioPutConsoleText(hSO, CHR$ (217), 78, 23)
    FOR i = 77 TO 2 STEP -1
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, i, 23)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (196))
    NEXT
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 1, 23)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (192))
    FOR i = 22 TO 2 STEP -1
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 1, i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (179))
    NEXT

    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 12)
    FOR i = 0 TO 4
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 11, i+4)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, A$[i])
      Sleep(10)
    NEXT

    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 14)
    FOR i = 0 TO 4
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 13, i+10)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, F$[i])
    NEXT

    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 10)
    FOR i = 0 TO 4
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 13, i+16)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, K$[i])
    NEXT

    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 9)
    FOR i = 0 TO 10
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 45, i+10)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, V$[i])
    NEXT

    Sleep(1000)

    FOR i=200 TO 300
      Beep(i, 10)
    NEXT

    FOR i=300 TO 100 STEP -1
      Beep(i, 10)
    NEXT

    Sleep(1000)

    FOR i = 4 TO 20
      FOR j = 3 TO 76
        XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, j, i)
        XioWriteConsole(hSO, " ")
      NEXT
      Beep(i*50, 50)
    NEXT
  END SUB

  'Subrutin setting tampilan layar permainan
  '******************************************
  SUB PlayingSet
    XioClearConsole(hSO)
    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 15)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (218))
    FOR i = 1 TO 78
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (196))
    NEXT
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (191))
    FOR i = 1 TO 23
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 79, i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (179))
    NEXT
    PutTextAttributes(hSO, 15, 1, 79, 24)
    XioPutConsoleText(hSO, CHR$ (217), 79, 24)
    FOR i = 78 TO 1 STEP -1
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, i, 24)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (196))
    NEXT
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 0, 24)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (192))
    FOR i = 23 TO 1 STEP -1
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 0, i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (179))
    NEXT

    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 52, 0)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (194))
    FOR i = 8 TO 1 STEP -1
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 52, i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (179))
    NEXT

    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 0, 9)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (195))
    FOR i = 1 TO 78
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, i, 9)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (196))
    NEXT
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 79, 9)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (180))

    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 52, 9)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (193))

    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 15)
    XioSetTextBackColor(hSO, 9)
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 1, 1)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, "                   [ PENJUMLAHAN ]                 ")

    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 15)
    XioSetTextBackColor(hSO, 9)
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 53, 1)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, "        [ HASIL ]         ")

    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 15)
    XioSetTextBackColor(hSO, 9)
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 1, 10)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, "                             [ ALAT BANTU HITUNG ]                            ")

    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 8)
    XioSetTextBackColor(hSO, 7)
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 1, 24)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, " Dibuat oleh Chandra MDE - Email: chandramde@telkom.net - Tel. (0341) 9857624 ")
    XioSetTextBackColor(hSO, 0)

    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 15)
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 55, 3)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, "JUMLAH SOAL   : [  ]")
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 55, 5)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, "JAWABAN BENAR : [  ]")
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 55, 7)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, "JAWABAN SALAH : [  ]")
  END SUB

  SUB ExitProgram
    'DO : LOOP UNTIL XioInkey() = 27
    XioCloseStdHandle(hSO)
  END SUB

  'Subrutin penampil soal penjumlahan
  '**********************************
  SUB ShowProblem
    WARNA = XstRandomRange(10, 14)
    XioSetTextColor(hSO, WARNA)
    FOR i = 3 TO 8
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 4, i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, "                                              ")
    NEXT

    FOR i = 0 TO 5
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 4, 3+i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, ANGKA$[OPERAND1, i])
    NEXT

    FOR i = 0 TO 5
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 12, 3+i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, ADD$[i])
    NEXT

    FOR i = 0 TO 5
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 20, 3+i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, ANGKA$[OPERAND2, i])
    NEXT

    FOR i = 0 TO 5
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 28, 3+i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, EQU$[i])
    NEXT

    Beep(100, 25)
    Beep(200, 25)
    Beep(300, 25)
    Beep(400, 25)
    Beep(500, 25)
  END SUB

  'Subrutin menampilkan alat bantu hitung
  '**************************************
  SUB ShowHelp
    FOR i = 12 TO 21
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 2, i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, "                                                                       ")
    NEXT

    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 12)
    FOR i = 0 TO 5
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 4, 12+i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, ANGKA$[OPERAND1, i])
    NEXT
    FOR i = 0 TO 5
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 12, 12+i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, EQU$[i])
    NEXT
    FOR i = 0 TO OPERAND1-1
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 20+i*6, 13)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, "ÜÛÛÜ")
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 20+i*6, 14)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, "ÛÛÛÛ")
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 20+i*6, 15)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, "ßÛÛß")
    NEXT

    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 15)
    FOR i = 0 TO 5
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 4, 18+i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, ANGKA$[OPERAND2, i])
    NEXT
    FOR i = 0 TO 5
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 12, 18+i)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, EQU$[i])
    NEXT
    FOR i = 0 TO OPERAND2-1
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 20+i*6, 19)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, "ÜÛÛÜ")
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 20+i*6, 20)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, "ÛÛÛÛ")
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 20+i*6, 21)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, "ßÛÛß")
    NEXT
  END SUB

  'Subrutin permainan
  '******************
  SUB Playing
    SOAL = 0
    BENAR = 0
    SALAH = 0

    DO
      OPERAND1 = XstRandomRange(0, 9)
      OPERAND2 = XstRandomRange(0, 9)
      RESULT = OPERAND1 + OPERAND2

      IF RESULT>9 THEN
        DIGIT = 2
      ELSE
        DIGIT = 1
      END IF

      GOSUB ShowProblem
      GOSUB ShowHelp

      SOAL = SOAL + 1

      XioSetTextColor(hSO, WARNA)

      DO
        KEY = XioInkey()
        XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 36, 7)
        XioWriteConsole(hSO, "±±±±±±")
        Sleep(10)
        XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 36, 7)
        XioWriteConsole(hSO, "      ")
        Sleep(10)
      LOOP UNTIL ((KEY >= 48) AND (KEY = 48) AND (KEY

#************************************************************
# Fibonacci Class
# Offering faster and stack friendly non-iterative function
#
# Chandra MDE - chandramde@telkom.net
# Teknik Elektro Links
# Link Tepat Untuk Teknik Elektro
# http://telinks.ds4a.com
# http://telinks.wordpress.com
# http://starduino.wordpress.com
# http://code4shared.wordpress.com
#************************************************************

class Fibonacci:
    def __init__(self):
        self.firstten = (1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55)

    def fib(self, n):
        if n<=10:
            return self.firstten[n-1]
        else:
            self.lfib = list(self.firstten)
            for i in range(10, n):
                self.lfib.append(self.lfib[-2]+self.lfib[-1])
            return self.lfib[-1]

    def fiblist(self, n):
        if n<10:
            return self.firstten[:n]
        elif n==10:
            return self.firstten
        else:
            self.fib(n)
            return self.lfib

# Example
F = Fibonacci()
print "First ten of Fibonacci number:", F.firstten
print "The 50th of Fibonacci number:", F.fib(50)
print "The first fifteen of Fibonacci:", F.fiblist(15)

The result:

The first ten of Fibonacci number: (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55)
The 50th of Fibonacci number: 12586269025
The first fifteen of Fibonacci: [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610]

The TruthTable class will generate the truth-table of the selected logic gate with n inputs. I think it’s good for programming practice. Let’s take a look…

#****************************************************
# Logic Gates Truth Table Generator for n logic input
# Gates: AND, OR, NAND, NOR
#
# Chandra MDE - chandramde@telkom.net
# Teknik Elektro Links
# Link Tepat Untuk Teknik Elektro
# http://telinks.ds4a.com
# http://telinks.wordpress.com
# http://starduino.wordpress.com
# http://code4shared.wordpress.com
#****************************************************

LETTERS = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
Logic = {'0': False, '1': True}
Logix = {False: '0', True: '1'}

# Function AND with tuple input
def f_and(inputs):
    l = Logic[inputs[0]]
    for i in range(1, len(inputs)):
        l = l and Logic[inputs[i]]
    return l

# Function OR with tuple input
def f_or(inputs):
    l = Logic[inputs[0]]
    for i in range(1, len(inputs)):
        l = l or Logic[inputs[i]]
    return l

# Function NAND with tuple input
def f_nand(inputs):
    return not f_and(inputs)

# Function NOR with tuple input
def f_nor(inputs):
    return not f_or(inputs)

# Map gate's name with it's correspondence function
Gates = {'AND': f_and, 'OR': f_or, 'NAND': f_nand, 'NOR': f_nor}

# Function integer-to-binary-string
def int2bin(intvalue, digit):
    binstr = ''; val = intvalue
    while val>0:
        if val % 2 == 0:
            binstr = '0' + binstr
        else:
            binstr = '1' + binstr
        val = val >> 1
    if len(binstr)<digit:
        binstr = '0'*(digit-len(binstr)) + binstr
    return binstr

# Simple Truth-Table Class
class TruthTable:
    "Generate a truth table for a logic gate with n inputs"
    def __init__(self, gate, numofinputs):
        if numofinputs<2:
            numofinputs = 2
        self.gate = gate.upper()
        self.numberofinputs = numofinputs
        self.logicoutput = []
        self.labels = [LETTERS[i] for i in range(self.numberofinputs)]
        self.labels.append('Y')
        self.logicinput = [tuple(int2bin(i, self.numberofinputs)) for i in range(2**self.numberofinputs)]
        for i in self.logicinput:
            l = Gates[self.gate](i) # This is Python!
            self.logicoutput.append(l)

    def display(self):
        print
        print self.gate, "Gate with %i-Inputs" % self.numberofinputs + " Truth Table"
        print len(self.labels)*6*'-'
        for i in self.labels:
            print "%4s" % i,
        print
        print len(self.labels)*6*'-'
        x = 0
        for i in self.logicinput:
            for j in i:
                print "%4s" % j,
            print "%4s" % Logix[self.logicoutput[x]]
            x += 1
        print len(self.labels)*6*'-'
        print

# Example
T1 = TruthTable('or', 3)
T2 = TruthTable('NAnd', 2)
T1.display()
T2.display()

The result is:

OR Gate with 3-Inputs Truth Table
————————
A    B    C    Y
————————
0    0    0    0
0    0    1    1
0    1    0    1
0    1    1    1
1    0    0    1
1    0    1    1
1    1    0    1
1    1    1    1
————————

NAND Gate with 2-Inputs Truth Table
——————
A    B    Y
——————
0    0    1
0    1    1
1    0    1
1    1    0
——————

Practice makes perfect!
Semakin banyak berlatih, akan semakin ahli kita jadinya.

Bouncing Number menampilkan karakter digit 0-9 yang memantul-mantul secara vertikal setinggi bilangan masing-masing. Program masih dengan kompiler open-source XBLite. Semudah Basic, Secepat C!

Listing Program

' NBOUNCE.X
' Deskripsi:
'    Program menampilkan angka 0-9 yang memantul-mantul secara vertikal
'    dengan ketinggian sesuai dengan nilai angkanya
' Programmer:
'    Chandra MDE 15/08/09
'    Teknik Elektro Links - Link Tepat Untuk Teknik Elektro
'    Teknik Elektro Links - Link Tepat Untuk Teknik Elektro
'    http://telinks.ds4a.com
'    http://telinks.wordpress.com
'    http://starduino.wordpress.com
'    http://code4shared.wordpress.com

PROGRAM "nbounce"
CONSOLE

IMPORT "xio"
IMPORT "xst"
IMPORT "xsx"
IMPORT "kernel32.dll"

TYPE BCHAR
  SBYTE .x
  SBYTE .y
  SBYTE .miny
  SBYTE .maxy
  SBYTE .addy
  UBYTE .char
  SBYTE .color
END TYPE

DECLARE FUNCTION MainProgram()

FUNCTION MainProgram()

  BCHAR BouncingNumber[10]

  Title$ = "BOUNCING NUMBERS - By Chandra MDE"

  SUB InitProgram
    SetConsoleTitleA(&Title$)
    hSO = XioGetStdOut()
    XioSetCursorType(hSO, $$NOCURSOR)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, "Bouncing Numbers - Press ESC to quit...")

    FOR i = 0 TO 9
      BouncingNumber[i].x = 25 + 3 * i
      BouncingNumber[i].y = 15
      BouncingNumber[i].miny = 15 - i
      BouncingNumber[i].maxy = 15
      BouncingNumber[i].addy = -1
      BouncingNumber[i].char = 48 + i
      BouncingNumber[i].color = i + 3
    NEXT
  END SUB

  SUB ExitProgram
    XioSetCursorType(hSO, $$NORMALCURSOR)
    XioCloseStdHandle(hSO)
  END SUB

  SUB PrintNumbers
    FOR i = 0 TO 9
      XioSetTextColor(hSO, BouncingNumber[i].color)
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, BouncingNumber[i].x, BouncingNumber[i].y)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (BouncingNumber[i].char))
    NEXT
  END SUB

  SUB Bouncing
    DO
      GOSUB PrintNumbers
      Sleep(50)

      FOR i = 1 TO 9
        SELECT CASE BouncingNumber[i].y
          CASE BouncingNumber[i].maxy
            BouncingNumber[i].addy = -1
            Beep(i*50, 5)

          CASE BouncingNumber[i].miny
            BouncingNumber[i].addy = 1
            Beep(i*200, 5)
        END SELECT

        XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, BouncingNumber[i].x, BouncingNumber[i].y)
        XioWriteConsole(hSO, " ")

        BouncingNumber[i].y = BouncingNumber[i].y + BouncingNumber[i].addy
        Sleep(0)
      NEXT

    LOOP UNTIL XioInkey() = 27
  END SUB

  GOSUB InitProgram
  GOSUB Bouncing
  GOSUB ExitProgram

END FUNCTION
END PROGRAM

Bouncing Alphabet adalah program latihan untuk mematangkan pemahaman tentang struktur program XBLite, perulangan, penyeleksi kondisi (select..case), sub program, dan console I/O.

Listing Program

' ABOUNCE.X
' Program Karakter A-Z yang bergerak memantul2 di layar
' Oleh Chandra MDE
' Teknik Elektro Links
' Link Tepat Untuk Teknik Elektro
' Jl. LA Sucipto I/17 Malang
' (0341) 9857624
' http://telinks.ds4a.com
' http://telinks.wordpress.com
' http://starduino.wordpress.com
' http://code4shared.wordpress.com

PROGRAM "abounce"
CONSOLE

IMPORT "xio"
IMPORT "xst"
IMPORT "xsx"
IMPORT "kernel32.dll"

$$UPLEFT = 1
$$UPRIGHT = 2
$$DNRIGHT = 3
$$DNLEFT = 4

TYPE TALPHABET
  UBYTE .x
  UBYTE .y
  SBYTE .direction
  UBYTE .char
  UBYTE .color
END TYPE

DECLARE FUNCTION MainProgram()

FUNCTION MainProgram()

  TALPHABET ALPHA[26]
  Title$ = "BOUNCING ALPHABET - By Chandra MDE"

  SUB InitProgram
    SetConsoleTitleA(&Title$)
    hSO = XioGetStdOut()
    XioSetCursorType(hSO, $$NOCURSOR)
    XioSetTextColor(hSO, $$LIGHTGREEN)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, "BOUNCING ALPHABET - Press ESC to stop...")
  END SUB

  SUB ExitProgram
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 29, 13)
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, "Press ENTER to exit...")
    DO : LOOP UNTIL XioInkey() = 13
    XioSetCursorType(hSO, $$NORMALCURSOR)
    XioCloseStdHandle(hSO)
  END SUB

  SUB InitData
    FOR i = 0 TO 25
      ALPHA[i].x = XstRandomRange(5, 75)
      ALPHA[i].y = XstRandomRange(3, 20)
      ALPHA[i].direction = XstRandomRange(1, 4)
      ALPHA[i].char = 65 + i
      ALPHA[i].color = XstRandomRange(1, 15)
    NEXT
  END SUB

  SUB PrintAlphabets
    FOR i = 0 TO 25
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, ALPHA[i].x, ALPHA[i].y)
      XioSetTextColor(hSO, ALPHA[i].color)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, CHR$ (ALPHA[i].char))
    NEXT
  END SUB

  SUB ClearAlphabets
    FOR i = 0 TO 25
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, ALPHA[i].x, ALPHA[i].y)
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, " ")
    NEXT
  END SUB

  SUB BouncingAll
    DO
      GOSUB PrintAlphabets

      FOR i = 0 TO 25
        IF ALPHA[i].x=0 THEN
          SELECT CASE ALPHA[i].direction
            CASE $$UPLEFT
              ALPHA[i].direction = $$UPRIGHT
            CASE $$DNLEFT
              ALPHA[i].direction = $$DNRIGHT
          END SELECT
        END IF

        IF ALPHA[i].x=79 THEN
          SELECT CASE ALPHA[i].direction
            CASE $$UPRIGHT
              ALPHA[i].direction = $$UPLEFT
            CASE $$DNRIGHT
              ALPHA[i].direction = $$DNLEFT
          END SELECT
        END IF

        IF ALPHA[i].y=1 THEN
          SELECT CASE ALPHA[i].direction
            CASE $$UPRIGHT
              ALPHA[i].direction = $$DNRIGHT
            CASE $$UPLEFT
              ALPHA[i].direction = $$DNLEFT
          END SELECT
        END IF

        IF ALPHA[i].y=23 THEN
          SELECT CASE ALPHA[i].direction
            CASE $$DNRIGHT
              ALPHA[i].direction = $$UPRIGHT
            CASE $$DNLEFT
              ALPHA[i].direction = $$UPLEFT
          END SELECT
        END IF
      NEXT

      Sleep(50)
      GOSUB ClearAlphabets

      FOR i = 0 TO 25
        SELECT CASE ALPHA[i].direction
          CASE $$UPLEFT
            ALPHA[i].x = ALPHA[i].x - 1
            ALPHA[i].y = ALPHA[i].y - 1
          CASE $$UPRIGHT
            ALPHA[i].x = ALPHA[i].x + 1
            ALPHA[i].y = ALPHA[i].y - 1
          CASE $$DNLEFT
            ALPHA[i].x = ALPHA[i].x - 1
            ALPHA[i].y = ALPHA[i].y + 1
          CASE $$DNRIGHT
            ALPHA[i].x = ALPHA[i].x + 1
            ALPHA[i].y = ALPHA[i].y + 1
        END SELECT
      NEXT

    LOOP UNTIL XioInkey() = 27
  END SUB

  GOSUB InitProgram
  GOSUB InitData
  GOSUB BouncingAll
  GOSUB ExitProgram

END FUNCTION
END PROGRAM

Program latihan yang menampilkan karakter ‘X’ yang bergerak secara diagonal dan memantul-mantul ketika sampai di tepi-tepi layar. Program sederhana ini untuk melatih dasar-dasar pemrograman seperti struktur program, penggunaan sub program, console I/O, dan case..select.

Program dibuat menggunakan kompiler XBLite yang menggunakan dialek bahasa Basic namun memiliki kecepatan seperti bahasa C.

Listing Program

' Program BOUNCING X
' Oleh Chandra MDE
' 12/8/2009
' Teknik Elektro Links
' Link Tepat Untuk Teknik Elektro
' Jl. LA Sucipto I/17A Malang
' http://telinks.ds4a.com
' http://telinks.wordpress.com
' http://starduino.wordpress.com
' http://code4shared.wordpress.com

PROGRAM "bouncex"
CONSOLE  'mode console

'import library-library yang digunakan
IMPORT "xst"
IMPORT "xsx"
IMPORT "xio"
IMPORT "kernel32.dll"

'deklarasikan fungsi utama program
DECLARE FUNCTION MainProgram()

'Fungsi Utama Program
FUNCTION MainProgram()

  Title$ = "BOUNCING X - By Chandra MDE"

  'subrutin inisialisasi program
  SUB InitProgram
    'set console title
    SetConsoleTitleA(&Title$)

    'dapatkan handle untuk Standard Output
    hSO = XioGetStdOut()

    'sembunyikan kursor
    XioSetCursorType(hSO, $$NOCURSOR)

    'set warna teks menjadi hijau terang
    XioSetTextColor(hSO, 10)

    'tampilkan tulisan di baris pertama layar console
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, "Bouncing X - Press ESC to exit...")
  END SUB

  'subrutin akhiran program
  SUB ExitProgram
    'letakkan kursor di posisi 33,13
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 33, 13)

    'tampilkan Press ENTER...
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, "Press ENTER...")

    'looping menunggu tombol ENTER ditekan
    DO
      'beri kesempatan aplikasi lain untuk diproses
      Sleep(0)
    LOOP UNTIL XioInkey() = 13

    'tutup handle Standard Output
    XioCloseStdHandle(hSO)
  END SUB

  'subrutin penampil nilai parameter2 program
  SUB PrintParameters
    'lakukan format teks
    s$ = FORMAT$ ("X = ##  Y = ", x) + FORMAT$ ("##", y)
    s$ = s$ + FORMAT$ ("     ADDX = ##  ADDY = ", addx) + FORMAT$ ("##", addy)

    'letakkan kursor di posisi 0,24
    XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, 0, 24)

    'tampilkan parameter2 program
    XioWriteConsole(hSO, s$)
  END SUB

  'inisialisasi nilai awal variabel
  x = XstRandomRange(0, 79)
  y = XstRandomRange(1, 24)
  addx = 1
  addy = 1

  'subrutin Bouncing X
  SUB BouncingX
    'lakukan perulangan
    DO
      'letakkan kursor di posisi x,y
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, x, y)

      'tampilkan karakter X
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, "X")

      'cek apakah X telah sampai di batas layar kiri-kanan
      SELECT CASE x
        CASE 0        'jika 'X' sampai di batas kiri
          addx = 1      'ubah pertambahan nilai x menjadi +1
          Beep(2500, 10)  'bunyikan suara benturan/pantulan

        CASE 79        'jika 'X' sampai di batas kanan
          addx = -1    'ubah pertambahan nilai x menjadi -1
          Beep(2500, 10)  'bunyikan suara benturan/pantulan
      END SELECT

      SELECT CASE y
        CASE 1        'jika 'X' sampai di batas atas
          addy = 1      'ubah pertambahan nilai y menjadi +1
          Beep(2500,10)  'bunyikan suara benturan/pantulan

        CASE 23        'jika 'X' sampai di batas atas
          addy = -1    'ubah pertambahan nilai y menjadi +1
          Beep(2500, 10)  'bunyikan suara benturan/pantulan
      END SELECT

      'lakukan penundaan proses selama 100milidetik
      Sleep(100)

      'letakkan kursor di posisi x,y
      XioSetConsoleCursorPos(hSO, x, y)

      'hapus karakter 'X'
      XioWriteConsole(hSO, " ")

      'lakukan perubahan nilai x
      x = x + addx

      'lakukan perubahan nilai y
      y = y + addy

      'tampilkan nilai variabel x, y, addx, addy
      GOSUB PrintParameters

      'ulangi looping sampai tombol ESC ditekan...
    LOOP UNTIL XioInkey() = 27
  END SUB

  'Program dimulai dari sini
  GOSUB InitProgram    'panggil subrutin InitProgram
  GOSUB BouncingX    'selanjutnya panggil subrutin BouncingX
  GOSUB ExitProgram    'panggil subrutin ExitProgram sebelum mengakhiri program

END FUNCTION
END PROGRAM